I highly recommend that he submit his completed application before November 1 to be eligible for Early Action. He should also call the USCGA to schedule an interview as soon as possible. High enthusiasm and passion is difficult to convey on paper, and an interview with an Admissions Partner will add that positive note to his file.
He will know on Dec 15 whether or not he has an appointment. If he is deferred, he can continue to work on his app (re-submitting higher SAT/ACT scores or higher grades/transcripts) until the regular admissions deadline passes on Feb 1.
If he is ultimately declined a spot in the Class of 2013, I recommend that he talk to his AO and find out where he needs to improve to better his chances the following year. Enrolling in a local college and taking appropriate swab-level classes ("self-prep") and staying in top physical shape are two of the best things to do before applying again. His DODMERB physical is good for two years so that will be out of the way.
Remember, he can keep applying as long as he is between 17-22 years old.
As far as "alternate routes," Prep School will get you there, but you cannot apply directly to USCGA Prep (CGA Scholars Program or NAPS), that decision falls to Admissions after reviewing your application. You can also apply directly from the enlisted USCG fleet, there is one prior-enlisted in the Class of 2012.
If the ultimate goal is to become a USCG officer and not just attend the USCGA, check this link for more info about Officer Commissioning programs in the USCG:
UNITED STATES COAST GUARD: OFFICER OPPORTUNITIES 
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