**AP Biology Forum 2018-2019**

mm1572019
Thu, 09 Aug 2018 06:40:58 +0000

Sorry, I forgot a study tip! Write a summary paragraph of the chapter! You don’t need to include every single vocab word, but most is good I copy and pasted one about the ETC, the easiest and shortest topic I could find one of my paragraphs on, below. You might not know all of the words now, but you should be able to get a general idea. On this paragraph, I got full points! Most are much longer than this and require more explanation between terms.

Firstly, pyruvate is created through glycolysis. The pyruvate molecules bind with acetyl CoA and go through the Kreb’s Cycle (1) where there is a net production of 2 ATP. This cycle sends NADH (2) and FADH2 (3) to the electron transport chain (4). This process occurs within the cristae of the mitochondria (5) and between the membranes. For the first proton pump (6), which is a transmembrane protein within the inner membrane (7) NADH is oxidized (8) to NAD+. The NAD+ stays within the matrix (9) of the mitochondria while the H+ (10) ion that was released is actively transported (11) into the intermembrane space (12). FADH2 is oxidized into FAD+ and again, the H+ ion, passes through a second proton pump through active transport and the H+ stays in the intermembrane space. In the third proton pump, O2 (13) is taken from the matrix and is reduced (14) by 2 electrons (15). This creates H2O (16) as a waste product. From all of the H+ ions that are building up in the intermembrane space, the H+ ions go through ATP synthase (17) through passive transport (18). This transport of H+ ions across the membrane is also known as chemiosmosis (19), as the ions are going down their electrochemical gradients. This concentration gradient creates a proton motive force (20), which is where there is a high build up of energy in protons and they have the availability to do work as they diffuse. As the protons diffuse, ATP synthase forces a phosphate group to ADP, synthesizing ATP. This process is known as oxidative phosphorylation (21).