Banneker Key at UMD is one of the earlier scholarships that I know about, but finalists are notified in February and know in March so still too late to adjust application strategy. Emory has a similar time horizon for their big scholarships. Purdue releases merit notifications in late January/early February, but again, too late to be helpful.
I honestly don’t know any school that releases those competitive merit scholarships early enough to make a difference, hence my previous comment.
Most schools have comments like Vanderbilt that say if you apply ED, you need to be able to accept/afford your offer without knowing if you will receive a scholarship.