<p>The question is stuipd in that it doesn’t define early hominds. Do they mean early hominids as in the genus Homo and beyond? In that case, it is larger brain capacity. Or do they mean early hominids as in Austrolapatheicnes? In that case, brain size is effectively the same as apes, and it’s probably neural channels.</p>
<p>and why would we have larger/more complex neural channels? i assume neural channels are cavities for neurons (sensory and motor). Humans actually have very weak senses; we only make up for it with our brain</p>
<p>yeah, it probably was the most notable/ apparent difference.</p>
<p>Ok, I think that the answer is the difference in the neural canals</p>
<p>I read this:
“…size of the hypoglossal canal is indicative of speech capabilities…”
from <a href=“http://cogweb.ucla.edu/ep/Hypoglossal.html[/url]”>http://cogweb.ucla.edu/ep/Hypoglossal.html</a></p>
<p>and the homo from homo sapiens comes from hominid, which means the ability/usage of a voice box, which chimps obviously don’t have.</p>
<p>The article is date 1998, so maybe collegeboard is assuming we should be aware of this…BS!!!</p>
<p>Truthsmoker, you are so RIGHT about the ambiguity of the question. What defines hominids?</p>
<p>Australopithecus afarensis and the australopithecus africanus should not be considered hominids. They don’t even belong to the same genus! (homo [which is for hominid] sapiens vs. australopithecus).</p>
<p>Ok, now I’m pretty sure the answer is neural canals after fully reading the article:</p>
<p>"The mammalian *hypoglossal canal transmits the *nerve that supplies the *motor innervation to the tongue. Hypoglossal canal size has been used to date the origin of human-like speech capabilities to at least 400,000 years ago, and to assign modern human vocal abilities to *Neandertals. These conclusions are based on the hypothesis that the size of the hypoglossal canal is indicative of speech capabilities. … … "</p>
<p>What about the last question, about which bacteria cannot compete with bacteria 5? ==== I answered bacteria6 (but I guess I was wrong)</p>
<p>And for the question about what bacteria6 was, can’t it be that bacteria 6 was the same thing as bacteria 5 but couldn’t compete with the latter? </p>
<p>As for the question about choloplast stuff, I answered only plantae kingdom. Well, protists do photosynthesize, but they contain “Chlorophyll”. Only plants contain choloplasts, don’t they? I’ve looked through all the books that I’ve got, and none of them mentioned that Protists have choloplasts. They basically said that protists can photosynthesize because they have chlorophyll.</p>
<p>WOAH WAIT - I read more of the article:</p>
<p>"Many nonhuman primate specimens have hypoglossal canals that are absolutely and relatively within the size range of modern humans. The hypoglossal canals of Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus boisei, and *Australopithecus africanus are also within the modern human size range. The size of the hypoglossal nerve and the number of axons it contains do not appear to be significantly correlated with the size of the hypoglossal canal. The authors conclude: “The size of the hypoglossal canal is not a reliable indicator of speech. Therefore the timing of the origin of human language and the speech capabilities of Neandertals remain open questions.” "</p>
<p>Ok, I’m confusing myself big time.</p>
<p>WHHHAA…?
later in that article, it says
"One of the important anatomical features related to language is the nerve supply controlling the muscles of the tongue. The mammalian hypoglossal canal is a bony canal that contains the trunk of nerve fibers that constitute this nerve supply. This canal is absolutely and relatively larger in modern humans than it is in the African apes. … … Kay et al (3 authors at Duke University, US) report a study of the cross-sectional areas of hypoglossal canals in adult skulls of contemporary humans, African apes, and several key fossil hominids. They propose that hypoglossal canal size in fossil hominids may provide an indication of the motor coordination of the tongue and reflect the evolution of speech and language. "</p>
<p>i’m also confused</p>
<p>Panda, you have a point about the chloroplasts. I remember reading somewhere that photosynthesis in protists occurs in the cytoplasm.</p>
<p>Colony 1, I believe? I think my last-minute logic might be kind of flawed though, I only answered 1 since it was like, literally dots, instead of a large mass of bacteria.</p>
<p>I think it’s bacteria 1 that can’t compete with bacteria 5 because colony 1 was spread out everywhere except where 5 was (5 produced a toxin/antibiotic).</p>
<p>Don’t forget, algae are protists. Algae have chloroplasts.</p>
<p>protists have chloroplasts. Think algae. Or google “protist chloroplast”</p>
<p>It’s bacteria 1 since there was a marked separation between the little dots and the bacteria #5.</p>
<p><a href=“http://www.microbeworld.org/htm/aboutmicro/microbes/types/protista.htm[/url]”>http://www.microbeworld.org/htm/aboutmicro/microbes/types/protista.htm</a></p>
<p>yes, algae have chloroplasts</p>
<ol>
<li>Mendel said nothing about- crossover</li>
<li>somatic body cell of 24- 12 from each parent</li>
<li>Farm runoff- decrease in eutrophication?</li>
<li>Bacteria 5- produced toxins</li>
<li>pH 4.5 - 5.5- H+ decreasing</li>
<li>Bacteria #6- came from water</li>
<li>Really high concentrations- balanced fertilizer</li>
<li>Soil most likely to resist temp. change- wooded forests
9.Calvin Cycle- bundle sheath cells
10.Archaebacteria- similar to eukaryotes</li>
<li>Segmented seperation- annelids(earthworms)</li>
<li>light reactions equation- H2O -> O2</li>
<li>Pea genetics question- 50%</li>
<li>Wool genetics problem- 3/4</li>
<li>Cytosine- Guanine</li>
<li>Bases per Gene- 1000</li>
<li>Restriction enzyme- A</li>
<li>Bacteria- ammonia</li>
<li>Greatest Biomass- plants</li>
<li>Carbon Rocks- comes too slowly</li>
<li>Ventrel nerve cords- arthropods</li>
<li>Large intestine- watery feces</li>
<li>Evolution in populations - the one with 4, 5, 6</li>
<li>Substance causing growth - IAA</li>
<li>Identifying unknown microbe - Plants and protists</li>
<li>Mitosis diagram - III and IV</li>
<li>Coenzyme - Vitamin B12</li>
<li>Something that acts to lower activation energy - Amylase</li>
<li>Steroid that influences metabolism - Testosterone</li>
<li>Inorganic molecule that has a regulatory function - Calcium (mineral)</li>
<li>Incomplete Bacteria Conjection- determines location of genes</li>
<li>.9% Solute- swell and burst</li>
<li>Plants divide- meristem</li>
<li>Antibodies- made from lymphocytes</li>
<li>80 colonies- 80,000</li>
<li>Test cross- ttrr</li>
<li>Density Dependent factor- Disease</li>
<li>Photosynthesis reaction- Endergonic
39.13 hours of light- Plant A will grow</li>
<li>Light flash question- Answer choice E (flash at very beginning)
41.-43. Heart structure (you either know it or you don’t)</li>
<li>lactic acid in legs - due to no oxygen</li>
<li>muscle contraction - actin and myosin</li>
<li>nails/claws diversion - mammalia and carnivora</li>
<li>multiple trophic level feeding - decomposers AND omnivores</li>
<li>colony that can’t compete with bacteria 5 - bacteria 1</li>
</ol>
<p>debates:
- Colorblind Son genetics problem - 1/4 (prob of having colorblind son) or 1/2 (prob that their son will be colorblind)
- Pea plant problem - 250 (homozygous dom) or 500 (homo dom + homo rec)
- IAA plant control - 1,2,3 or 2,3
- Ape and early human - not brain cavity, smaller upper jaw?
- 250 yr tree population- mixed deciduous forest or beech?</p>
<p>MindlessMusings: But the my major point is that the article admitted that the size of the neural canals are no different from chimps to hominids.</p>
<p>Therefore, there should be no apparent differences concerning that in early hominids to apes.</p>
<p>okay, so does that refute or support “differences between neural canal sizes” as the answer for the question</p>
<p>yeah, sorry, I realized that I didn’t make my point clear, and just edited my post.</p>
<p>however, what if there are other types of neural canals??? OMG this is so traumatic.</p>
<p>Segmentation/no segementation? Annelids/something? Earthworms/flatworms? Oh, I got that wrong huh. FYI, I have no clue about phyla and classes…</p>
<p>Edit: Moved to later in the thread.</p>