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<p>Some schools do go straight from the introductory CS course (for CS majors) to data structures. But their introductory CS courses may be substantially more rigorous than those at schools where it may take more than one semester of course work before one takes the data structures course (or where the data structures course material is spread over more than one course).</p>
<p>Due to the variations between different schools in how their frosh/soph CS courses are organized, it is often the case that frosh/soph CS courses at one school do not align well with those at another school in terms of what is covered in which course. So it is generally best to take the entire set of frosh/soph CS courses at the same school to avoid problems like what the OP has encountered.</p>