Do colleges know if we're in the top 10% of our class even if my school doesn't rank?

Even if the school doesn’t rank, your decile could be reported in the guidance counselor’s report?
(Just speculating, not sure about this.)

It’s honestly not worth worrying about - people on CC seem obsessed with rank, even though most HS don’t rank. The only time rank is probably even considered is if there is a wide disparity between the GPA and rank - severe grade inflation or deflation.