Does test optional hurt strong applicants?

The effect of immigration of PhD students and skilled workers is most noticeable among the Asian American population the overall population of Asian American people is small. In contrast, the immigration of PhD students and skilled workers from Europe or Africa does not define their racial or ethnic groups, because their numbers are small relative to the overall populations of European American and African American people.

But most people see race or ethnicity first, rather than noticing that the immigrant PhD students skilled workers have much more in common with each other in terms of advantages for their (future) kids education, compared to other members of their respective racial or ethnic groups.

Lots of kids get extra time. This can be a game changer for the kids that truly need it. You have to justify it and that is not always easy especially if your kid is doing well in school. There is a disconnect between getting good school grades and getting help on standardized tests at many schools.