Generally speaking, this option is offered only to STRONG candidates who have otherwise really compelling applications but are missing just a few prerequisite classes - enough that you can make up in a semester, typically. And the caveat to this is as bopambo noted, often they make you pay for the additional classes. If you have to pay a flat fee as a master’s student, often it can be much cheaper to simply take them as a non-degree student after college.
It would like depend on the earth sciences program, but the ones that require physics and calculus, likely not. If you haven’t taken physics and calculus, it’s also very likely that the advanced earth sciences classes you took in college were not the equivalent of what others in an MS in meteorology or oceanography program would’ve taken - many of those are physics and calculus-based. Being a meteorologist, for example, is a pretty math-heavy job.
Many programs would allow in students who needed a couple prereqs, but physics and calculus are so integral to the atmospheric sciences that I can’t see many programs letting you in if you haven’t taken ANY classes in those areas. Physics is a two-semester sequence and calculus is three semesters.
But there may be other earth sciences programs that are less heavy on the math and physics.