Here is a tip than can take less time: Send the message to yourself as a PM. The term that triggered the message will appear as asterisks. Edit that, and the message will go through.
Also, be aware that in addition to profanity, any acronym that if spelled out has a profanity would likewise trigger the message.
No. This is an automated process; the word/link triggers the message and sends the post to be manually reviewed by a moderator. We then look to see if there is indeed something that violates ToS. If there is, we reject the post. Once rejected, it is gone forever.
No. One is all that is needed to trigger a moderator review.