I think that mostly you should just take this as an opportunity to learn an important lesson. There really are some classes that you are not ready for quite yet.
University admissions will see that this is a university course that you took as a freshman in high school. They will mostly just think the same thing that I did: “He just took this course too early”.
From now on you should make sure that you are taking courses that you are ready to take. Make sure that you have first handled the prerequisites for any given course. Do not jump ahead too far.
One positive that I see: Most likely nothing that you take in high school will depend upon what you might or might not have learned in a college psychology course. Thus you have not messed up your progression through high school courses. This is a plus.
In contrast, we occasionally see posts from students who jumped ahead too far in math. This can be more of a problem. Students who jump ahead in math are usually very good at math and will be likely to take more math courses pretty much every semester as long as they are in any form of school. The issue here is that future math courses will depend a great deal on previous math courses. What you are supposed to be learning today will be important next week and next year. Thus if you jump too far ahead in math and do badly it is hard to figure out what course you should take next. This will not be a problem in your case because you jumped ahead in an area that is not going to be the basis for anything else that you need to take in the near future.
I do not think that I would worry about it too much. Just learn the lesson, and do better next year (mostly by not jumping ahead so far).
Also when the time comes you need to also make sure to apply to safety and match schools. MIT and Cornell are reaches for nearly every very strong student.