As there are often issues with various rankings, I often like to see data on the undergraduate institution of people who went on to earn a doctorate in a field. That helps give me a sense of which departments are well-respected by grad schools in the field and that are preparing their undergrads effectively so that they can successfully complete a doctoral program.
One can dig through various data resources from the feds, but I usually find it easier to look at this resource. It only goes through doctoral degrees received in 2018, but you can narrow down by years, subject, classification of colleges, states, etc, to see how the schools perform. Additionally, when looking at the data it is often good to take a look at the size of the school in relation to the number of doctoral recipients.
For instance, here is a list of the number of people from California undergraduate institutions who went on to earn a doctorate in psychology between 2000-2018:
U. of Southern California produced 205 alums who earned a psychology doctorate while Pomona produced 110. But USC has about 21k undergrads while Pomona only has around 1800. So USC has about 11x more students than Pomona, but only a little less than 2x as many alums with doctorates. So I wouldn’t necessarily view the number of doctorates as a rating, but as an information point. I’ve also been known to create a chart like this for schools of interest:
This ratio is not a be all, end all, but it is an information point that I find helpful.