<p>FountainSiren:</p>
<p>You are right that there was a lot of polarization in the 60s and early 70s. But to a great extent it had a different feel. There were really three polarizing issues: </p>
<p>(1) Racial integration and civil rights. This was mainly – not entirely – a North-South issue, or more precisely a North & West & Blacks vs. some Southern Whites issue. There was also a very brief period of race riots in large northern cities around the kind of police issues we still see today, but that was really limited to a few months.</p>
<p>(2) The Vietnam War. THE polarizing issue.</p>
<p>(3) Nixon and Watergate (which was really about Vietnam).</p>
<p>With the exception of the early stages of Watergate, none of these was polarized by political party, and many politicians found themselves on the “liberal” side of some issues and the “conservative” side of others. Lots of basically liberal Democrats were pro-war, and the anti-war voice in Congress consisted of equal numbers of Republicans and Democrats.</p>
<p>Notwithstanding the shows of bravado (and real violence) in the South, I believe there was a general sense that change was coming and that it was right, and the only questions were how far, how fast, and exactly how the white political elites were going to sell it to their base. There were plenty of Southern White integrationists, even though they were a minority. One of the judges I clerked for basically desegregated Louisiana. He was hung in effigy on the floor of the state legislature and had crosses burned on his lawn, but his memory of the time was that all that was show, and that he got lots of support from most of the establishment behind the scenes. Nixon executed his “Southern Strategy” in 1968, and that was the beginning (or the acceleration) of the realignment between Reps and Dems, but on substance there was precious little difference between Nixon and Humphrey on civil rights – there was really a pretty broad consensus outside the Deep South about what should be happening.</p>
<p>And at the same time those issues were dividing people, there were a lot of issues that were uniting them. The first Nixon term saw the first environmental and occupational safety laws passed. Nixon’s opening to China was broadly popular. Even on the war, I remember reading Halderman’s diaries a number of years ago and being struck by how close Nixon et al. were to the anti-war mainstream in their ideas. Nixon made some mistakes, but there wasn’t a day of his administration when he wasn’t trying to get a peace agreement within the next six months.</p>
<p>The Republican Party had people like Javits, Dirksen, Scott, Weicker, Brookes, Rockefeller, Lindsay, Ford – not conservative ideologues, to say the least. In New York State, the Republicans were the party of good government and civil rights, the Democrats of ethnic pandering and petty corruption. The Democrats had Scoop Jackson, Pat Brown, and of course Lyndon Johnson – tough, mainstream, effective politicians. There was little or no negative campaigning (apart from some “dirty tricks” in 1972).</p>
<p>Now, EVERYTHING is polarized on Rep-Dem lines, and the White House goes out of its way to create that, in order to energize a conservative base.</p>