There really isn’t a list of “certain colleges” that meet this description. There’s one…Caltech. Maybe MIT too, but even they don’t meet Caltech’s notorious pace.
As for opportunities, that’s highly variable too. Some schools have better infrastructure for clubs and incubators and are doing very cools stuff. They’re not necessarily the blue bloods.
Many of the other well respected names go at the same pace and teach the same material as anyone else. Some, even extremely well respected ones, water it down. Many schools, Purdue as one example, teach an engineering track of Calculus, eschewing full proofs math, deemed good enough for the purposes of engineering.
To my eye, the proof is in the work students produce for their senior projects and do in their clubs. It can be surprising what pedestrian projects come out of big name schools and what great innovation comes from “lesser” schools.