I think you need to meet with your adviser and see what he thinks you should do. Ask if if approaching the professor is a good plan, if asking for an incomplete would be allowed, ask what courses you should take. Even your explanation that you don’t have enough time to get into the courses in just 10 weeks may mean that this isn’t the school for you. You seem very overwhelmed and it seems ‘more of the same’ just won’t work for you.