Roger Williams and the Creation of the American Soul: Church, State, and the Birth of Liberty by John M. Barry
This is an excellent popular history of the early colonial period, principally in New England. It is part biography of a remarkable leader, Roger Williams, who founded Providence as a kind of free outpost from Puritan and the various other theocentric regimes that dominated the politics of their respective colonies, and part panoramic overview of the times. The book thoroughly engrossed me, it is truly a gem of culture and political machination.
Williams grew up in England, just after the time of Elizabeth I. From a poor background and unhappy family, he was noticed by Edward Coke, one of the greatest lawyers in British history. Coke was an expert courtier and brought Williams into the upper elite during the reigns of James I and then Charles I. This was the time when the kings appeared to be moving back towards Catholicism, in ever more repressive policies that aimed to punish dissenters while fundamentally altering the practices of the Church of England. In this atmosphere of pending civil war, around 1630, Williams left for the colonies, where he knew he could avoid prison - there is no other way to put it except to acknowledge that Williams’ big mouth caused him endless trouble.
He quickly established himself as a leader in independent thought, turning down an important ministry in Salem and taking up farming to be on his own. Supporting freedom of conscience - refusing to look into men’s souls and vociferously arguing against the obligatory imposition of puritan strictures on all colonial subjects - he made a series of implacable enemies, was eventually banned from Massachusetts and sentenced to deportation back to England. Fortunately, influential friends at the behest of Winthrop himself warned him to flee, which probably saved him from death in an English prison.
After much wandering, where he learned Indian languages as a trader, he negotiated the right to clear land for a colony. This became Providence, the first colony with freedom of religion and a wider range of thought. He attracted misfits, free thinkers, and renegades who didn’t fit in or agree with the puritan ethic, even Quakers, who were despised throughout the ANglo-Saxon world as dangerous heretics. This was, afterall, the tail end of the Reformation, when people were killed for the nuances of their religious beliefs. (The author’s description of Puritan beliefs and obligations will remain embedded in my memory forever, a theocentric society impossible to imagine now, so similar it appears to, say, contemporary Iran, which is “theocratic” - a distinction I am not sure I get.) He created a unique culture, more tolerant and even somewhat democratic, in accordance with ancient republican ideals. Williams protected it, even venturing back to an ENgland transformed by Cromwell to secure a charter against the encroachments of Massachusetts and Connecticut. He also served as a diplomat for all the colonies with the Indians, who trusted him, forestalling a war that could have decisively ended English dominance. It is a truly remarkable story. He even wrote books that influenced Hobbes, Locke, Milton, and many other intellectual giants of the era.
Where I differ with Barry is whether it means what he claims, at least in degree. That is, I am not sure that Williams was the well spring that established the other pole of the American character, that of libertarian freedom, where one can pursue what one wants without interference from the state. (The other pole is the “city on the hill” of the puritans, as established by John Winthrop, the “shining example” of a society favored by God for its unique piety, observance of their interpretation of biblical norms, and inherent goodness.) There are also many details of interpretation that made me skeptical. For example, in accordance with British philosophical tradition, he goes on about Francis Bacon’s impact on scientific methodology, i.e. experimentation, which I believe had little real impact on the history of science; it is one of those silly things that historians say. These things made me skeptical of Barry’s true grasp of detail.
These doubts aside, the book is a splendid reading experience. The narrative is unusually powerful, the man was truly a great pioneer. Warmly recommended.