<p>Mini, it’s more like multiple governments run ports in their entirity, which is how the entire chain of commerce in international trade works. </p>
<p>To use the example of WalMart importing jackets, chances are those jackets are sewn in Korea, but are shipped overland to China for loading at one of those larger ports. The jackets are loaded into a container, most likely owned by U.K., but leased by a company in Australasia. Most likely, an NVOCC based in Africa leases the container space from Australasia, then “sublets” the space out to WalMart, either on a sustaining contract or a one time shipment. </p>
<p>Then, the container is likely loaded onto a ship registered to the government of Germany, Albania, Liberia, or any number of other countries - could even be China. But the crew could be from literally anywhere, multiple countries even. So already there are multiple governments involved in the export of WalMart’s jackets, and the container ship hasn’t even left port yet. </p>
<p>Plus jackets are small, and a container is either 20 TEUS or 40. So most likely WalMart’s jacket order doesn’t fill the entire container, even given the size of their trade, and the NVOCC loses money if the container isn’t full. So most likely other items are placed into the same container - maybe it’s shoes destined for Nordstoms, who knows - bottom line that container will be filled with other goods from yet other countries, shipped overland into the same port in China, or shipped from a nearby port but under another countries’ jurisdiction.</p>
<p>Since the vessel is headed for the U.S., all of the paperwork, including export declaration, bill of lading, etc. is filed through our Customs AMS system: it arrives instantaneously, and is immediately digested by MARAD, ONI, DHS, the Coast Guard, the International Trade Commission, and a bunch of other agencies. This data is very comprehensive - if, for example, motor vehicles are on loaded onto the same vessel, even the VIN numbers will be listed. </p>
<p>Once the vessel has clearance to leave the foreign port enroute to the U.S., it probably follows a trade lane that takes it around the horn of Africa. Along the way it may stop at literally MULTIPLE other ports - either to pick up or unload more containers, exchange crew, refuel, etc. It may stop somewhere in Africa or South America or any number of other places along the way. </p>
<p>Once the vessel finally enters U.S. waters - usually two weeks or so after it first left its point of origin - all the paperwork is in place at its port of destination. </p>
<p>Most major U.S. ports are going to have dry-bulk terminals, liquid bulk terminals, heavy container corridors, and any number of other designations: and any or all of them are going to be under the operation of China, U.K., or some other country. The vessel will be sent wherever it’s supposed to go, and, once docked, the container is going to be unloaded by cranes operated by terminal management that may be from still other countries. </p>
<p>But even pulling into port involves a few other countries. Container ships are huge; even at deepwater ports they displace a lot of water; they cannot simply sail up to the port entrance and stop. Usually, tugs sail out to meet them and bring them in, and, these tugs may be registered to Mexico or Canada or Albania or who knows where, and with equally disparate crews. </p>
<p>Since WalMart most likely doesn’t send an employee running down to meet the vessel, some third party intermediary (might be Asian owned or European, depending on the geography) is probably going to unload the container via crane, and, the jackets are probably going to sit in a warehouse at the port (owned or leased by yet other counties) until WalMart’s trucks come get the jackets. (Los Angeles alone has something like 19 acres of warehouse space at its port.)</p>
<p>Bottom line, by the time someone stands in line at WalMart to buy a jacket, upwards of 30+ countries may have been involved in some way in the total chain of commerce. And, of course, anywhere along the way, there are probably at least a few weak points in the chain where a terrorist could potentially intersect with WalMart’s container.</p>
<p>At any port - either here or in other countries, multiple other countries are going to be leasing, owning or operating some part of the chain of commerce: it could be the vessels, tugs, cranes, the stevedoring, warehousing, crews, or even the dozens of businesses housed at ports to serve the vessels (ship building and repair, fueling) etc. It would literally be quite impossible to try to untangle these relationships, and of course it would be economically disastrous to even consider it.</p>