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<p>I have no idea about the first 3, but here is what I know about #4. I’m a scientist working with IP lawyers to obtain patent protection for our inventions. To be able to practice patent law in the US, you have to pass the Patent Bar in addition to the State Bar of the state where you will be practicing. Not everyone can take the Patent Bar exam; the USPTO has very specific requirements. Basically, you have to have an undergraduate degree (no, PhD or Masters’ will not cut it for the USPTO) in a scientific field (chemistry, physics) or some areas of engineering or have to show that you’ve taken enough credits in these fields if your degree is in something else. With A JD and no scientific background, you will be able to work in other areas of IP such as trademarks, but no one will let you practice patent law without passing the patent bar exam.</p>