Some fields where PhDs are required for many but not all jobs-
Bioinformatics, actuary science, data science, machine learning, artificial intelligence, semiconductor manufacturing, chemist, biotechnology/genetics research, physics research scientist in any branch of physics, research psychologists, biologists including medical sciences, ornithology, microbiology and biotech, meteorologists and climate modeling, fluid dynamics, aerospace fields, planetary sciences, nuclear engineering, some jobs in chemical engineering especially in the oil industry like PhD grads, geology, geophysics and geochemistry, control theory and other branches of electrical engineering.
PhDs will allow you to teach at universities, but that type of career varies from very low pay in some fields like music, or humanities and social sciences, to much higher paying fields like chemical engineering or computer science.
US Government agencies including Department of Interior, Department of Agriculture, Department of Commerce, Department of Energy, and Department of Defense, hire a lot of PhD educated scientists.
PhDs in social sciences, especially work for think tanks and private industry as well.