A country can set up any rules it wants to for its own passports, so they could last 5 years for a child as in the US, or 20 years. I don’t remember how long my daughter’s chinese passport lasted, but even if it was for 5 years she no longer looked like her picture as a 2 year old once she was 4 or 5.
I was curious about this so I looked it up. A Korean man who had come to the US as a child applied for a new Korean passport at the embassy. He had to comply with Korea’s rules to get the new passport. In his case, he needed to have the requirement for military service waived and Korea granted that and issued the passport. He then had to apply for the Advanced Parole from the US so he could re-enter the country. It all takes a while and is expensive
Although the California colleges have issued the ‘come home’ letter to any students studying abroad, one of the CSU campuses said they weren’t aware of any of their students studying abroad. I don’t think it is common as the process of getting the Advanced Parole is very difficult and expensive.