However, Fryer’s study also indicates that police are more likely to use non-lethal force against black people than white people for given types of encounters (and with much larger sample sizes than for lethal force).
It is likely that this larger incidence non-lethal force creates more of the negative personal experiences with police among black people. This may be the much bigger factor in creating and maintaining distrust between black people and police, even if officer involved shootings get most of the media attention.