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<p>All very good questions. Let’s work through them one-by-one:</p>
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Well, it could be lots of things. For research, it could be a teacher who is supervising an independent project of yours. It could be a professor with whom you are working. It could be a grad student who is mentoring you in advanced topics.</p>
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Ideally, yes. (I mean, they’re not mentoring you in chess or anything unrelated … hopefully.)</p>
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Well, you could arrange for the latter, but obviously the former is the more beneficial experience.</p>
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Oh heavens no. You’ll learn those things as you go along. But you might be asked to do some reading for background, in which case you’ll have to pretend to know what the papers are discussing :).</p>
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Depends on the actual project. If you have something specific in mind, ask a science teacher if the research can be conducted at school. Otherwise, email a couple of profs at a local university to see if they are willing to have a high schooler work with them - some might let you pick a project, some might ask you to work on their own project (or with a grad student), some might just make you a boring old lab assistant (but as you’re a sophomore, that might be good preliminary experience, depending on your comfort level), and some might just say no.</p>
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<p>A lot of profs think that even undergrads are a waste of their time. A lot of other profs are willing to work with high schoolers in their labs. You just need to contact a few. For help on this, see the thread at <a href=“http://talk.collegeconfidential.com/summer-programs/1063234-how-apply-independent-research-internships.html[/url]”>http://talk.collegeconfidential.com/summer-programs/1063234-how-apply-independent-research-internships.html</a>.</p>