It’s called “catastrophizing.” 
If you have trouble with time management, have you been evaluated for ADHD or executive function issues? I am not pathologizing here but if you are having multiple experiences that cause you stress, perhaps there is professional help that could be of benefit. Or just talking to someone.
That said, it is pretty normal for teens to be stuck in the present and a bad test in the present moment can upset anyone. Be upset. That’s fine and expected. But don’t extend it out into the future. That is where the catastrophizing comes in.
As you grow, you may see that sometimes bad experiences can help guide you, so instead of disasters, they can be opportunities or guidance. Hard to see now I know.