1795 The minimum residency requirement in the United States before naturalization was fixed at five years.</p>
<p>1798 The minimum residency requirement for citizenship was extended to 14 years; a separate Alien Act valid only until 1800 empowered the President to punish traitorous activity on the part of non-naturalized individuals by deportation.</p>
<p>1802 The minimum residency requirement for citizenship was reduced permanently to five years.</p>
<p>1819 Congress for the first time set minimum standards for the room and board of passengers on the high seas.</p>
<p>1864 A Bureau of Immigration was established for the promotion of immigration during the Civil War.</p>
<p>1875 For the first time, a federal immigration law excluded certain groups of immigrants: Prostitutes, persons previously sentenced to jail in their homeland, and “involuntarily traveling orientals,” by which was meant primarily Chinese contract workers, derogatorily called “Coolies.”</p>
<p>1885 Upon the urging of American labor unions, the import of contract laborers [with contracts in hand before immigration] was forbidden. Domestic servants, doctors and certain hard-to-get workers were exempted.</p>
<p>1891 Excluded from immigration were criminals, the mentally ill, epileptics and people who were not capable of earning their own living. For the first time, every immigrant had to pay a head tax of fifty cents. This fee was raised to $2.00 in 1903 and to $4.00 in 1907.</p>
<p>1896 A literacy test in the immigrant’s native language passed Congress but was vetoed by President Cleveland.</p>
<p>1903 Anarchists, pimps, and prostitutes were barred from immigration. American immigration officials were dispatched to European harbors to inspect ships and passengers before departure.</p>
<p>1907 Under American pressure, the Japanese government made a gentlemen’s agreement not to issue any more sailing permits for Japanese workers.</p>
<p>1913 The California legislature limited the right of Japanese immigrants to acquire land.</p>
<p>1913 A literacy test for immigration failed due to President Taft’s veto.</p>
<p>1915 A literacy test failed again due to President Wilson’s veto.</p>
<p>1917 A literacy test for immigrants over 16 years passed the Senate and the House with a 2/3 majority.</p>
<p>1918 Excluded from immigration were proponents of the violent overthrow of the American government.</p>
<p>1920 Citizens of countries with which the United States was at war could be deported.</p>
<p>1921 The first quota law was passed. It limited the annual number of immigrants to a total of 357,803, permitting about 200,000 from northwestern Europe (including Germany), and about 155,000 from eastern and southern Europe. For the whole of Asia and Africa, only 1,000 visas were available.</p>
<p>1924 A second quota law further limited the annual number of immigrants to 164,667. The criterion for issuing a visa was the country of birth. The number of visas allocated for each European nation corresponded to two percent of that nation’s immigrants already living in the United States as of 1890. U. S. consuls were directed to deny visas to those who might become a welfare burden.</p>
<p>1929 A third quota law now limited the annual total to 153,714. Examples for the maximum distribution of visas were as follows: Great Britain and Northern Ireland: 65,721; Germany: 25,957; Poland: 6,524; Italy: 5,802; the Soviet Union: 2,784; and Turkey: 226.