@Twoin18 The majority of those in PhD programs do not go straight from undergrad. I did, but I was only 1 or the 3 of the total 18. It was a mistake for me to do that. Would have had better focus and direction after working a bit. And the temporary poverty never feels good. If he expects to potentially go back, he can temper his lifestyle while working and save a fair amount. My oldest did and it made a world of difference while in grad school.