The best one to speak to is your guidance counselor. See if he/she will still mark on the recommendation that you have taken the most rigorous course load available at your HS with the classes you have taken/will take. If the answer is no then it could hurt your chances for an elite college.
That said, I still would not recommend taking a math class when you have not mastered the material in the previous class.
Keep in mind that the acceptance rate to Columbia is in the low single digits (5.4% in 2020) so it is a huge reach for any unhooked applicant.
IMO sophomore year is too early to focus on any specific colleges. As you enter junior year you should focus on creating a application list that includes reach, match, and safety schools that appear affordable and that you would be excited to attend.