Would this courseload allow me to gain a reasonable amount of college credit for my dream schools? Will I have an easy time getting into their political science program?

At Colgate, credit for APs is capped at 6 classes and is dependent on the specific scores for each exam. Only one exam gets credit for a 3 (Calc BC) and everything else needs to be a 4 or 5. Most on your list do not receive credit at all.

Students are not admitted by major there so no advantage/disadvantage in terms of acceptance for certain programs. Colgate is a reach for the vast majority of applicants because there are more qualified applicants than space. You should also know the class of 2025 is over enrolled by a few hundred students so likely acceptance rates will drop for the next 2 years until the class size has a chance to level out.