<p>Cardinal Fang, if you are passively resisting arrest, then you are resisting arrest. You are not consenting to arrest, and in any event consent is irrelevant to arrest – the point of arrest is that you have just lost the capacity to choose where you want to be and what you want to do. And if you are passively resisting sex, then you are resisting it, and force will be necessary to overcome your resistance, and that will clearly be rape. But if you are not resisting, if you are merely doing minimal accommodation to make it bearable and avoid further discussion. . . well, you could call that consent by action, but it kind of makes a mockery of the “yes means yes” idea you have been supporting.</p>
<p>It’s possible, but I think unlikely, that California courts have interpreted statutory “force” as if it were a term in physics, i.e., mass x acceleration, and present at some point whenever there is motion in the physical world. That would make it a strange companion – I won’t say “bedfellow” – for parallel terms like “violence,” “threat,” “duress”. So I think it means something more than anything at all. (It might please Andrea Dworkin to argue that all heterosexual sex is sex by force, but I doubt that’s what California law means.)</p>
<p>This is all very unpleasant, but I think that, in the absence of something overpowering or threatening, and provided she has the capacity to resist, if a California woman decides to lie back and think of England, something bad is happening to her but it’s not within the California statutory definition of rape. </p>