Are international students at a disadvantage?

There are two levels: international for evaluation purpose (which depends on where you attend school) and international for financial aid purpose (which depends on citizenship status). F2 students living in the US are evalated alongside students from their region. Then they are evaluated alongside internationals for financial aid purpose. Internationals who don’t need financial aid have one less hurdle to pass.
Depending on the university, the student will either be offered admission even if there’s no financial aid, or denied if there’s no financial aid (the most common case for internationals, since they can’t get a visa without the proper finances; the exception are the need blind/do not meet need universities.)