I think you will be a strong applicant to all of these universities, and definitely have a shot at some of the full rides on offer. My only question is regarding your internship at the bank. Have you been doing it for 5 years, or is it a 5-year internship that you’ve recently started?
Why do you want to ED at Columbia? Is that your clear first choice over all the other universities? If it’s not, don’t ED. Do apply early action to any university that has it available, so long as it’s not REA that would conflict with you applying EA to others.
Georgia Tech’s Stamps scholarship is open to U.S. citizens and permanent residents OR citizens of the UK, so OP would be eligible (source).
Have you given any thought to applying to Rice University? It’s a top university and provides aid to international students, offers merit aid, and has lots of links with NASA. Here is a link to the Rice Space Institute.