Critical Reading Advice From a Tutor

<p>Hi! I’m a private tutor. I can usually improve my students’ CR scores by 100 points in a few weeks, provided they have a good foundation in English. </p>

<p>Why is Reading Comprehension Hard?
This is a typical case for me: A student has good grades in English and History, but is stuck at around 600-650 in Critical Reading. Why? </p>

<p>This student is DOING IT WRONG
The student reads the passage, then picks the best sounding answer. He’s answering questions based only on his UNDERSTANDING of the passage. </p>

<p>Instead, it’s necessary to go back and actively MATCH 2 SETS OF THINGS: </p>

<p>KEY IDEA:

  1. Correct answer must match SPECIFIC SUPPORTING EVIDENCE from the passage
  2. Correct answer must match the passage’s MAIN IDEA. </p>

<p>Unless the student MATCHES BOTH, he is vulnerable to traps, such as:
-answers that are true in general, but not supported directly by the passage
-answers with support, but less support than another answer choice
-vague sounding answers that are hard to disprove </p>

<p>All of these will match the student’s general understanding of the passage. </p>

<p>Let me show you what I mean:
Get your Blue Book( the Official SAT Study Guide, 2nd edition ).</p>

<p>Look at the passage about art forgery, on page 57. Do the problems if you haven’t.</p>

<p>Look at Problem 1.<br>
Look at answer choice C. “discuss the challenges facing art forgers” DIRECTLY MATCHES 3 sentences from the passage:
Sentence 1. “it must resemble one or more works …. undoctored originals”
Sentence 2. “without something to mimic, the fake could not exist”
Sentence 3. “the forger … must be skilled enough to fool eyes … practiced at uncovering deceit”</p>

<p>The main idea also matches. This is why C is the correct answer. </p>

<p>Look at the traps:
Answer Choice B. “artistic merit of particular forgeries” almost matches sentence 2, but this sentence doesn’t talk about particular forgeries. Sentence 3 does talk about particular forgeries, but does not talk about artistic merit. </p>

<p>Answer Choice D: “catalogue the skills of a successful art forger” almost matches Sentence 3. However, the word “catalogue”, which means “to list”, doesn’t quite fit. “Discuss” works much better. </p>

<p>This problem illustrates how dangerous SAT reading questions are. 3 out of 5 answer choices have supporting evidence, but the real answer has better evidence, more evidence, and matches the main idea. </p>

<p>Look at Problem 2.
Look at answer choice B. “work in the style of another artist” matches Sentence 1, “it must resemble … undoctored originals”
It also matches Sentence 2, “Without something to mimic, the fake could not exist” </p>

<p>The other choices don’t match anything. </p>

<p>HOW TO PRACTICE

  1. Skip the vocabulary section and give yourself unlimited time.
  2. Read the passage and write down the main idea in 1 sentence.
  3. For each question, CIRCLE SEPIFIC WORDS IN THE ANSWER CHOICE AND MATCH THEM TO SPECIFIC WORDS IN THE PASSAGE. DRAW A LINE BETWEEN THEM.
  4. After each passage, immediately correct your answers. For any question you missed, LOOK UP THE REAL EVIDENCE IN A SOLUTION GUIDE. Make sure you understand where the real evidence is before you move on. </p>

<p>-Make sure you review your mistakes. This is the only way to improve.
-Practice every day, even for 15 minutes. You lose skill for every day you skip.<br>
-Focus on 1 subject at a time. Do either Reading, or Writing, or Math. </p>

<p>What is a match
-The correct answer choice usually matches 2 or more pieces of evidence
-A match is usually a restatement of the same idea using different words.
-If your answer choice is made of 2 ideas, you need to match BOTH.
-“Always” or “Never” answers are harder to prove, since they require much more evidence. The same goes for the author showing extreme emotions or having extreme views. They require more evidence. </p>

<p>Modify your search depending on the question
Imagine you are looking for evidence with binoculars. </p>

<p>If the question asks about the PURPOSE or INTENT, you should zoom out, and look at entire sentences at a time, and try to figure out the purpose behind each sentence. </p>

<p>If the question asks about details in the passage, you should zoom in and look for specific words. </p>

<p>If the question point to a line number, 80% of the time the evidence will be within 5 lines above or below the reference. 20% of the time it will be further away. </p>

<p>Tasting Answer Choices
When you look for evidence for an bad answer choice, you should get a feeling of emptiness or disorientation, a sense that the passage is talking about something unrelated to the thing you are looking for. </p>

<p>You’ll experience this whenever you when you choose bad evidence and miss questions. Hold on to this feeling. </p>

<p>A good answer choice should produce an “aha!” feeling, a “click!” as you find exact and direct evidence. </p>

<p>Where to find solution guides that point to the real evidence.
You have a few choices.

  1. The best is the SAT Online Course, which has 9 tests and the solutions. Search for a coupon code and you can get it for around $50. </p>

<ol>
<li><p>If you are using the Blue Book, you can type in “Tutor Ted Solution Guide” into Amazon, and find a solution guide. You can also type in the first 5 words of any question into Google to find discussions for that question. </p></li>
<li><p>Feel free to reply here if you have any questions. . </p></li>
</ol>

<p>When should you give up?
If you read SAT passages and have no idea what they are talking about, you should consider moving to the ACT, which has an easier Reading section than the SAT. </p>

<p>Thank you!</p>

<p>Quick question:
I know you didn’t cover vocabulary, but would you recommend studying lists of words or roots/prefixes/suffixes?</p>

<p>Yes, but only if you’re motivated, and you should do it after you’ve gone after more profitable subjects. </p>

<p>Most people studying for the SAT will run out of motivation long before they run out of time.
This is why Xiggi, in the sticky post, recommends studying one subject at a time. </p>

<p>If you focus on a single subject, you improve quicker, and that motivates you. </p>

<p>Grammar and Math are relatively easy to improve, since you can break them down into smaller rules. I can improve many students’ scores by 100-200 points just by explaining the rules to them, and that’s exciting, and higher scores motivates students to work harder. </p>

<p>Vocabulary is just boring, and improvement is slow. The danger is that you’ll lose motivation, which makes you study less, which results in less improvement, which costs you even more motivation. </p>

<p>If you do want to study vocab, here’s how I recommend you do it.

  1. Go through ONLY the sentence completion section of a SAT, and write down all the words you don’t know. Typically 20-60 words from a single test.
  2. Find a list that has 1/3 to 1/2 of the words you didn’t know. Prefer shorter lists over longer ones. Direct Hits is good.
  3. Make flash cards for all the words you don’t know in the list. (Usually about half the words). Memorize them. </p>

<ol>
<li>Repeat this process with another SAT, and see how much you’ve improved. </li>
</ol>

<p>Basically, you want a concrete goal, and to track your improvement. You want to make it a game. You don’t want to just blindly study stuff without knowing how much you’re contributing to your score. </p>

<p>In the end, only about 1/4 to 1/3 of the Reading questions you miss will be vocab related. So, from the value of the points involved, there’s at least 3 other subjects you should work on before you do vocab: Grammar, Math, and Reading. </p>

<p>On the plus side, it’s straightforward, and there’s some high value words that comes up quite a lot. So as long as you’re motivated it’s worth doing. </p>

<p>Great advice! However, why do you recommend that we not time our practice? Does it help us in the long run to take it slow while practicing? </p>

<p>Do it right first. Afterwards, you can worry about doing it fast. Much harder to learn to do both from the very start. </p>

<p>^^Welcome. You seem to have a lot of good advice.</p>

<p>For my CR this may I got a 700. The report says that I correctly answered all the “hard” level and “easy” level questions, but got 5 “medium” level questions wrong. Do you have any advice on how to improve this?</p>

<p>It means you have the potential to do better. </p>

<p>Do real SAT problems, either the Blue Book, or the SAT Online Course. </p>

<p>When you do reading questions, don’t just find the right answer, also try to find the exact clues that support it in the text. Then, check the answer solutions to see if you’ve got the right evidence. </p>

<p>I’ll post some reading exercises I wrote designed to do this later. Check this thread in a day or 2. </p>

<p>INSTRUCTIONS FOR READING EXERCISE</p>

<p>This exercise improves your ability to find the evidence in the passage that supports the correct answer choice. </p>

<p>This exercise can be done alone, but is best performed with 2 people, a helper and the learner. The helper’s job is not complicated. All the steps are clearly listed below. </p>

<p>If you are able to, make appointments with your helper to work together 30-60 minutes per day. This makes sure you will actually do the work. </p>

<p>Step 1:
Download the pdf SAT Practice 2012-2013. Print 2 copies of the following pages, one for the learner and one for the helper. </p>

<p>You can find the PDF by Googling for “official sat practice test 2012-2013”
You can find the answers by Googling for “official sat practice test 2012-2013 answers”</p>

<p>Step 2:
Learner: Read the passage, and answer the following 3 questions:

  1. Summarize the main idea in one sentence.
  2. What was the author’s tone?
  3. What type of passage is it? Informative / Argument / Story ( It’s possible to be a mixture ) </p>

<p>Helper: Reveal the attached answers. </p>

<p>Step 3:
Learner:
For each question:

  1. Find the best answer choice.
  2. Find the supporting evidence in the passage. Underline the evidence. Draw a line between specific matching terms between the evidence and the answer choice. </p>

<p>-If you are deciding between 2 different answer choices, look for supporting evidence for both answer choices, underline both, and pick the best answer. </p>

<p>-If you don’t know, ask the helper to reveal the CLUE for that question, which will point to the supporting evidence, but not the answer. </p>

<p>-If you are still unsure, ask the helper to reveal the EVIDENCE for that question, which has the correct answer choice and the evidence. </p>

<p>Helper:
-If the learner asks for it, reveal the CLUE for a specific question.
-After each question, show the learner the EVIDENCE.
Reveal the correct answer choice, and point out the supporting evidence. Make sure the learner reviews the EVIDENCE if they got either wrong. </p>

<p>PASSAGE 1. Read instructions above. </p>

<p>SAT Practice 2012-2013 Page 17, Section 3 Critical Reading. </p>

<p>Passage 1
Main Idea: Spam is bad
Type: Opinion
Tone: Negative towards spam </p>

<p>Passage 2
Main Idea: Possible solution for spam + support
Type: Opinion + Informative
Tone: Logical</p>

<p>CLUES
6.
Lines 9-12. “It’s becoming … the Internet.” </p>

<ol>
<li><p>Lines 13-14. “Many people … necessarily so.”
Lines 21-25. “With regard … bulk e-mail?”</p></li>
<li><p>lines 3-5 “To find … as spam.”
lines 16-21 “Nothing in … of another.”
lines 24-25 “why not … bulk e-mail?”</p></li>
<li><p>lines 24-25 “why not … bulk e-mail?”</p></li>
</ol>

<p>EVIDENCE
6. MATCH DETAIL
Lines 9-10. “It’s becoming a major … problem” = highlight a concern
Lines 11-12. “Spammers are gaining control” = highlight a concern </p>

<ol>
<li><p>MATCH DETAIL
Lines 13-14. “people assume it is protected … Not necessarily so.” = lay the foundation
Lines 24-25 “why not extend the act to include … bulk e-mail?” = course of action </p></li>
<li><p>GUESS RESPONSE
lines 3-5 “fraud and obscenity known as … bulk email” = Passage 1 is against spam
lines 16-21 “reject … right to send unwanted material” = target text is against unwanted ads (and agrees with passage 1)
lines 24-25 “why not extend the act to include … bulk e-mail?” = earlier decision did not include email </p></li>
</ol>

<p>Therefore, the author of Passage 1 would want to extend the reasoning of the target text to include email. </p>

<ol>
<li>MATCH DETAIL
lines 24-25 “why not extend the act to include … bulk e-mail?” = propose a solution </li>
</ol>

<p>PASSAGE 2. See Instructions Above. </p>

<p>SAT Practice 2012-2013 Page 18-19, Section 3 Critical Reading. </p>

<p>Main Idea:
Beebe, the clergyman, complains to Cecil Vyse that Lucy Honeychurch is living too quietly.
Cecil replies that he is marrying Lucy.
Beebe is disappointed, because he liked Lucy himself. </p>

<p>Type: Story</p>

<p>Tone:
This passage is hard. Figure out what they think about Lucy.
Cecil is serious and self conscious. He likes Lucy.
Beebe wishes Lucy would get out more, probably so he could date her. He is disappointed to learn that Cecil and Lucy are getting engaged. </p>

<p>CLUES
10.
Lines 1-2. “Lucy Honeychurch … grave sincerity.” </p>

<ol>
<li><p>Lines 6-8. “Does it … in both.”</p></li>
<li><p>Lines 6-12. “Does it … or bad.” </p></li>
<li><p>Substitute in the answer choices for the target word. </p></li>
<li><p>Lines 29-30 “At the … string himself.”</p></li>
<li><p>Lines 36-39 “Immediately he … the worst.”</p></li>
<li><p>Lines 36-40 “had he … reach him?” </p></li>
</ol>

<p>EVIDENCE
10. A
Lines 1-2. “grave sincerity” = great conviction </p>

<ol>
<li><p>D
Lines 6-7. “Does it seem reasonable that she … play … so wonderfully, and live so quietly?” = apparent inconsistency
Lines 8. “I suspect that someday she shall be wonderful in both.” = implies Lucy is not wonderful in both, which is inconsistent</p></li>
<li><p>C
Lines 6-8. “Does it seem reasonable that she … live so quietly? I suspect someday she shall be wonderful in both.” = one day live with great passion. “Someday” matches “one day”. "live” matches “live”
Lines 9-11. “compartments … break down, music and life will mingle” = live with great passion</p></li>
<li><p>E
Substitute in the answer choices. Only E fits. </p></li>
<li><p>D
Lines 29-30 “he had given … tugs to the string himself” = he was trying to break the string, therefore the string breaking is anticipated. </p></li>
</ol>

<p>For this question, you have to understand the Main Idea of the passage, and how Beebe felt toward Lucy</p>

<ol>
<li><p>C
Lines 36-39 “conceited, ludicrous, contemptible … this was the worst” = embarrassingly inapt </p></li>
<li><p>B
Lines 36 “conceited” = vain
Lines 39-40 “had he suggested he was a star?” = afraid he seemed vain</p></li>
</ol>

<p>PASSAGE 3. See Instructions Above. </p>

<p>SAT Practice 2012-2013 Page 20-21, Section 3 Critical Reading. </p>

<p>Main Idea:
2 scientific theories are in conflict. General Relativity is good at describing big things. Quantum Mechanics is good at describing small things. A third theory, Superstring Theory, may resolve the differences between them. </p>

<p>Type: Informative </p>

<p>Tone: Objective </p>

<p>CLUE
17. FIND DETAIL
Lines 19-20. “As they … be right.”
Lines 20-24. “The two … mutually incompatible.” </p>

<ol>
<li><p>FIND DETAIL
Lines 5-6. “The problem … physics rests.”
Lines 7-14. “One is … and quarks.” </p></li>
<li><p>TONE / MAIN IDEA
Lines 14-20. “Through years … be right.”
Lines 20-24. “The two … mutually incompatible.” </p></li>
<li><p>DETAIL / MAIN IDEA<br>
Lines 43-48 “The equations … two theories.” </p></li>
<li><p>DETAIL / LOGIC
Lines 53-59 “Can it … resounding no.”
Lines 67-69 “According to … but inevitable.” </p></li>
<li><p>DETAIL / MAIN IDEA
Lines 59-64 “Intense research … quantum mechanics.”
Lines 53-59 “Can it … resounding no.”
Lines 67-69 “According to … but inevitable.” </p></li>
<li><p>DETAIL / LOGIC
Lines 17-20 “But these … be right.”
Lines 67-69 “According to … but inevitable.” </p></li>
<li><p>DETAIL
Lines 69-74 “Superstring theory … master equation.” </p></li>
</ol>

<p>EVIDENCE
17. E
Lines 19-20. “general relativity and quantum mechanics … cannot both be right” = important contradiction
Lines 20-24. “The two theories … are mutually incompatible” = important contradiction</p>

<ol>
<li><p>A
Lines 8-9 “largest of scales” = big
Lines 12-13 “smallest of scales” = little </p></li>
<li><p>D
Lines 14-17. “physicists have … confirmed … each of these theories. But … they … cannot both be right.” = surprising point
Lines 20-24. “The two theories underlying the tremendous progress of physics… are mutually incompatible” = surprising point </p></li>
<li><p>C
Lines 47. “nonsensical answers” = does not work
Line 47. “unhappy amalgam” = does not work well together.
Line 44-45 “when combined, being to shake, rattle, and gush” = does not work well together. </p></li>
<li><p>E
Lines 53-56 “Can it really be that the universe is divided, requiring one set of laws when things are large and a different … set when things are small?” = author asks a question </p></li>
</ol>

<p>Lines 57-59 “Superstring theory, a young upstart … answers … no.” = author claims superstring theory proves there is only one set of laws </p>

<p>Lines 67-69 “According to superstring theory, the marriage of … the large and the small is not only happy but inevitable.” = author claims superstring theory proves there is only one set of laws</p>

<p>Therefore, IF answer choice E were true, there would be different laws depending on the size of the system, and the author’s claims would be wrong. </p>

<ol>
<li>E
Lines 59-64 “resolves tension between general relativity and quantum mechanics.” = reconcile two seemingly contradictory theories. “resolves” matches “reconcile”. </li>
</ol>

<p>Lines 53-59 “Can it really be that the universe is divided?” “Superstring theory, a young upstart … answers … no.” = reconcile two seemingly contradictory theories </p>

<p>Lines 67-69 “According to superstring theory, the marriage of … the large and the small is not only happy but inevitable.” = reconcile two seemingly contradictory theories</p>

<ol>
<li>E
Lines 17-20 “disturbing conclusion: … general relativity and quantum mechanics cannot both be right” = the conclusion is that general relativity and quantum mechanics disagree </li>
</ol>

<p>Lines 67-69 “the marriage of the laws of the large and the small is not only happy but inevitable.”
= the “marriage” means general relativity and quantum mechanics agree with each other. </p>

<p>Therefore, people who believe in the “conclusion” of Lines 17-20 will find the “marriage” of Lines 67-69 impossible. </p>

<p>24.
Lines 70-72 “frantic dance of subatomic quarks to the stately waltz of … binary stars.” = both something small and something big, therefore “extremes”.
Lines 70 “all of the wondrous happenings in the universe” = extremes found in physical world. “all” matches “extremes”. “universe” matches “physical world”. </p>

<p>Thanks for your helpful tips!
I’m going to take the SAT in June 7… only 6 days left!!
I almost always get 750+ in Math and Writing in Blue Book Practice Tests.
For CR, however, I’m struggling at a score around 650.
I don’t have much problem with vocabulary… (studied Direct Hits 1 & 2) and
only miss 1 or 2 questions in Sentence Completion.
Most of my errors are from Reading Passages.
For some passages, I can discern the nuances in answer choices and fill in with confidence.
For some, I just can’t get the main point of the passage and find it very confusing and very hard to get evidence from the passage to find a correct answer choice.</p>

<p>Any tip for my situation?
I’m going to head back to study now and experiment your tips. Thanks.</p>

<p>My main piece of advice is that it’s common drop 100 points from Blue Book scores due to the stress of the real test. In my experience, around 1 student in 5 of your level drops around 300 points. </p>

<p>The most profitable thing you can do right now is to prevent this from happening. </p>

<ul>
<li><p>Spend 50 bucks for the Official SAT Online Course, and take full tests while timing yourself. </p></li>
<li><p>They have full answer explanations for the tests. Check them. </p></li>
<li><p>Pay attention to easy questions you miss due to stress and exhaustion. Try not to miss them on the real test. </p></li>
</ul>

<p>=================================================================
For Reading Comprehension: </p>

<p>If you couldn’t figure out the main point of the passage, look for a sentence in the passage that sums up the author’s view. It’s more reliable than trying to figure it out yourself. </p>

<p>Pay especial attention to logic words such as BUT, HOWEVER, THEREFORE, etc. </p>

<p>Ultimately, reading comprehension is a big skill. You can’t really improve it except through long term practice, and you don’t have time for that. </p>

<p>If you can’t improve on reading during the summer, the correct move is to move to the ACT, which has easier Reading. </p>