@PurpleTitan, I am suggesting is that the United States’ relatively poor performance on the PISA may have contributed to the relatively low turnout for the feasibility study for the OECD’s Assessment of Higher Education Learning Outcomes (AHELO), which was conducted on a voluntary basis at the tertiary level across the OECD. One might think elite institutions should have welcomed an objective comparative assessment because it could have boosted prestige, or at least justified it beyond what other ranking systems claim. However, we know that most of the universities in question did not participate.