<p>Perhaps this article from the Chicago Tribune, coupled with Fundingfathers exceeding strong sense of self-confidence will help explain how and why he is able to come to such strong positions in his thinking. If we read what Kluge had to say about FF along with this article we may get a better understanding of the value of the things FF has to say. </p>
<p>I am still hopeful that FF will respond to my post above, I am interested to read his thinking on it. </p>
<p>I was not able to find a link to this article so I have cut and copied it from my files. In order to not run afoul of the CC copywrite rules I have edited it. Anyone who wants to read the full article just send me a private e-mail and I will send the full article. </p>
<p>Being conservative, liberal or in-between is wired in the brain, new study suggests</p>
<p>By Judy Peres, Tribune staff reporter
September 10, 2007</p>
<p>The differences between liberals and conservatives may run deeper than how they feel about welfare reform or the progress of the Iraq war: Researchers reported Sunday that their brains may actually work differently.</p>
<p>In a study likely to raise the hackles of some conservatives, psychologist David Amodio and others found that a specific region of the brain’s cortex is more sensitive in people who consider themselves liberals than in self-declared conservatives.</p>
<p>The brain region in question helps people shift gears when their usual response would be inappropriate, supporting the notion that liberals are more flexible in their thinking.</p>
<p>“Say you drive home from work the same way every day, but one day there’s a detour and you need to override your autopilot,” said Amodio, a professor at New York University. “Most people function just fine. But there’s a little variability in how sensitive people are to the cue that they need to change their current course.”</p>
<p>That “cue” is processed in a part of the brain known as the anterior cingulate cortex, and Amodio was able to monitor its electrical activity by hooking his subjects up to electroencephalographs (EEGs) while they performed laboratory tests.</p>
<p>Unflattering traits</p>
<p>The work grew out of decades of previous research suggesting that political orientation is linked to certain personality traits or styles of thinking. A review of that research published in 2003 found that conservatives tend to be more rigid and closed-minded, less tolerant of ambiguity and less open to new experiences.</p>
<p>Some of the traits associated with right-wingers in that review were decidedly unflattering, including fear, aggression, tolerance of inequality and lack of complexity in their thinking. That – along with the fact that it lumped Ronald Reagan and other political conservatives in with Adolf Hitler – evoked outrage from conservative pundits.</p>
<p>John Jost, an author of both the review and the current study, was prompted to defend the research in an opinion piece published in The Washington Post.</p>
<p>“It’s wrong to conclude that our results provide only bad news for conservatives,” he wrote on Aug. 28, 2003. “True, we find some support for the traditional ‘rigidity-of-the-right’ hypothesis, but it is also true that liberals could be characterized on the basis of our overall profile as relatively disorganized, indecisive and perhaps overly drawn to ambiguity.”</p>
<p>In the current study, Amodio and his colleagues recruited 43 college students for a simple experiment. The subjects reported their political attitudes confidentially on a scale from -5 (extremely liberal) to +5 (extremely conservative). Then they completed a computer test called “Go/No-Go” while an EEG measured their brain activity.</p>
<p>Subjects were told to press a button (“Go”) each time the computer flashed the letter “M,” but not when a “W” was displayed. Each stimulus-response set had to be completed within half a second.</p>
<p>Testing responses</p>
<p>Amodio said the “Go” stimulus came up 400 out of 500 times, so “they’re sitting there getting in the habit of pressing this button. But 20 percent of the time, the ‘No Go’ stimulus comes up – it’s unexpected – and they’re supposed to do nothing. We can see how accurate people are at withholding the habitual response.”</p>
<p>Subjects who rated themselves more liberal had higher scores for accuracy, Amodio said.</p>
<p>But more importantly, they also showed stronger electrical activity when the “No Go” cues were presented, indicating that more neurons were firing.</p>
<p>Linda Skitka, a professor of psychology at the University of Illinois at Chicago, said it’s possible that Amodio’s liberals appeared more flexible than his conservatives because the population was skewed.</p>
<p>“We’re not a very liberal country,” she said. “We’re more likely to find extreme conservatives in the U.S. than extreme liberals.”</p>
<p>Skitka said there’s ample evidence that ideologues on the far left can also be uptight.</p>
<p>“Extreme conservatives could be really rigid,” she said. “Moderates should be pretty flexible. But if we go all the way to the left, they may look a lot like the extreme right – rigid in their ideas.”</p>
<p>Mark Pollock, associate professor of communication at Loyola University Chicago, said the Amodio study “provides scientific evidence for conclusions people [studying political rhetoric] have reached previously.”</p>
<p>Pollock saw another benefit to Amodio’s findings: If political attitudes are tied to neurophysiology, he said, “it would make bashing conservatives – or liberals – pointless. It’s not as if people are making a choice to see the world this way or that way. It’s how they’re built.”</p>