Part of the problem with this is there is a kind of skew to the income percentiles, as other people have pointed out they don’t allow for differences in cost of living. To someone living in rural america where median income is in the 28k range, being in the top 20% probably looks rich,where 100k is a pretty healthy income to say the least, yet in suburban areas that is basically middle class. Even being in the top 1% is not exactly wealthy in many places, it is comfortable/privileged, but it might give you a lifestyle someone in the top 10% would have elsewhere.
The real wealth is likely in the top .5%, and no, there is not enough wealth there to pay for everything, even if you taxed them at 100%. However, people in that bracket often get much of their income from ‘investment’ income, which can be heavily privileged, between deductions, but also for example that long term capital gains is taxed at 15%, so a CEO can have a lot of his/her income be taxed at this rate…or there are weird classifications of income, that allow hedge fund managers making 3 million a year get taxed at that rate. And it shows, when they analyzed Mitt Romney’s returns in 2012 election, his net taxes were at like 11% of his total income, while the person who was his secretary or in a similar position could be paying in the mid 20% range.
Not going to mention where billion dollar+ corporations end up paying no taxes…
The reality is that with tax cuts over the past almost 40 years, that it has benefitted the top earners the most, and that has dramatically led to things like the budget deficits we see, and often when they do get rid of tax deductions it tends to be ones that will hurt the middle classes (for example, in the current budget proposal, they want to get rid of deductions for state and local taxes, that will hurt middle class people who live in high tax states while giving a windfall to people in low tax states (that will further turn high tax states into being net donors to the federal government and turning the low tax states today who are the recipients, even more into recipients), the very well off on the other hand likely won’t feel too much if those deductions are disallowed.
There are no simple answers, the flat tax people throw around is a unicorn, in that it promises to cut the taxes all people pay while increasing revenue, and also likely would hurt anyone who works mostly by a W2 because they generally totally take investment income out of the money taxed. I think things like getting rid of the favored tax status for capital gains would help (why? Because despite claims, reducing the capital gains tax rate did little to nothing in terms of the new capital formation to create new jobs, as was promised, it primarily was a tax break for the people who get most of their income from investments and the financial industry), I think also they need to rationalize corporate tax rates, and basically go more to a flat model there, companies would benefit (big corporations have huge tax departments who do nothing but work on corporate taxes, to find all the deductions and loopholes and such), and it will take rationalizing the tax rates on all classes, and likely will require raising taxes across most income levels.