<p>In DS’s case, four teachers come to mind.</p>
<p>The first was a fifth-grade gifted math teacher who aimed her initial instruction at the tippy top of the class, then backtracked as needed (including after school) to help those who needed reinforcement. She also integrated a large amount of supplementary materials, especially brain teasers, into her lesson plans. DS was always challenged, and although sometimes frustrated by the difficulty of a particular problem, learned to accept temporary frustration as part of the discovery process.</p>
<p>The second was an eighth-grade Spanish 2 teacher, who not only conducted the class entirely in Spanish—very much in vogue as an instructional method—but also had the students write out page after page of verb conjugations. As a foreign language prof myself (different language), I know that kind of mechanistic approach went out in the 1950’s, but in DS’s case, it was incredibly effective. He learned his conjugations and tenses cold, and, when it came time to speak, the patterns engraved by his hand were echoed flawlessly by his tongue.</p>
<p>The third was an AP Euro teacher who had the gall to require that students take written—not computer-typed—notes on their textbook and all ancillary materials. She then quizzed the students mercilessly on the content; no student dared to show up for class unprepared. Beyond this, she had the students begin writing DBQs early in the year, and corrected them for form—grammar and composition—as well as for content. DS learned more about writing in this course than he did in any English course, including APs.</p>
<p>The last—DS’s calculus teacher—took an entirely different approach: unlike the history teacher, he never collected the homework he assigned. Instead, he treated the students as if they were already in college, explaining that the problem sets were designed both to reinforce what he had taught and to challenge them to learn the material well enough to pass the AP exam with ease. He expected them to ask questions about any difficulties they had encountered. The students—DS included—were delighted to be treated as adults responsible for their own performance, and responded by doing the problems, consulting each other when they couldn’t understand a concept, and seeking the teacher’s help when needed.</p>
<p>Four teachers, four approaches, all effective in my view.</p>