AT LEAST SEVEN U.S.-educated scientists working at the Max Planck Society’s (MPS) prestigious research institutes in Germany have faced or are facing criminal charges for impersonating a “Dr.” The maximum penalty for this crime is one year in jail.</p>
<p>According to documents examined by C&EN, the charges were issued by German officials because the scientists put the title “Dr.” in front of their names on public documents, such as work-related websites.</p>
<p>“The whole situation is absurd,” says Jonathan Gershenzon, a director at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena. Gershenzon received his doctorate at the University of Texas, Austin. He was charged with impersonating a “Dr.” by German officials in January.</p>
<p>According to German criminal law, the title “Dr.” is reserved only for individuals who received a doctoral degree from a European Union institution, explains Erik Kraatz, a criminal lawyer at the Free University, Berlin. Kraatz notes that the law also prohibits masquerading as a police officer, medical doctor, or professor.
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"I am not allowed to be publicly listed as ‘Dr. Baldwin,’ " says Ian T. Baldwin, another director at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, who was also charged in January. "To obey the law, I must refer to myself as ‘Ian Baldwin, Ph.D., Cornell University, Ithaca (N.Y.).’ "**</p>
<p>The maximum penalty for misusing the “Dr.” title in Germany is one year in jail.Indeed, to legally use the title “Dr.” in Germany, foreign-trained scientists must request permission from their local German state government. With this state-level consent, they can use the title “Dr.” anywhere in the country. But without the state’s permission to use the title, a scientist breaks two laws: the state law requiring approval to use the “Dr.” title and the federal impersonation law, Kraatz says.</p>
<p>Breaking the state law is punishable with a fine akin to that associated with a traffic ticket. However, breaking the federal law is punishable by a larger fine or up to one year in jail, Kraatz adds.</p>
<p>“This law caught everyone by surprise,” says Bernard F. Schutz, a director at the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, Potsdam, and a** doctoral graduate of California Institute of Technology. He was charged with misuse of the “Dr.” title in November 2007.**