Public schools running out of money for supplies towards end of year is nothing new.
All 50 states require public HS teachers to have Bachelors degree as well as teaching credential. New teachers are also required to intern for minimum of one year before being able to stand alone in front of a class.
Your math teacher did not just graduate from community college. While I sympathize with your predicament, and you may think this teacher just walked onto your campus unqualified, but unless you have definite evidence to show otherwise, your comment about the teacher as reason why you failed math will not be well received as explanation for poor performance.
If, however, what you said is true and you did have an unqualified teacher, get a lawyer, sue the district and have the grade dropped.
Look forward to hear your updates.